24-Feb-2020: Highway through Pakke Tiger Reserve

The Government of Arunachal Pradesh is planning to build a 692.7 km highway through the 862 sq km Pakke Tiger Reserve (PTR) in East Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh.

Named the East-West Industrial Corridor, the highway aims to connect Arunachal Pradesh with Assam. However, the project makes no mention of compensation for people likely to be displaced. It has been argued that corridor will also be a threat to the adjoining Nameri Tiger Reserve in Assam.

Pakke Tiger Reserve (declared in 1999 - 2000) lies in the foothills of the eastern Himalaya in the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. It is also known as Pakhui Tiger Reserve. It falls within the Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot. It is home to over 2000 species of plants, 300 species of birds, 40 species of mammals, 30 species of amphibians and 36 species of reptiles. Many species of the flora and fauna are globally threatened, and PTR is one of the last remaining strongholds left for these species. It is known for its amazing sightings of four resident hornbill species.

India is home to nine species of hornbills. The northeastern region has the highest diversity of hornbill species within India. Five hornbill species are found here, with the northeast being the exclusive habitat for three of them, the wreathed hornbill (Aceros undulatus), the brown hornbill (Anorrhinus austeni) and the Rufous-necked hornbill (Aceros nipalensis). The other two species, the great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and the Oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) also occur in other parts of India. The great hornbill is the state bird of Arunachal Pradesh and Kerala. It is ‘vulnerable’ under the IUCN Red list. The Hornbill festival celebrated in Nagaland is named after the bird – Hornbill which is the most revered and admired bird for the Nagas.

Nameri Tiger Reserve: Nameri Tiger Reserve (declared in 1999-2000) is located in the foothills of the eastern Himalayas in the Sonitpur district of the state of Assam. It is on the interstate border with Arunachal Pradesh. The Pakke Tiger Reserve of Arunachal Pradesh adjoins it on its north-eastern point. The river Jia-Bhareli (a tributary of Brahmaputra River) with its tributaries, the Nameri, Upper Dikorai and Bor Dikorai flow through the Reserve. Besides Tiger, the reserve is also home to the sambar, barking deer, wild boar and bison.

22-Feb-2020: Adequate water in Kawal Tiger Reserve

Kawal Tiger Reserve is located in the northern part of Telangana. The Kawal Wildlife sanctuary was established in 1965 and later declared as a Protected Area (PA) in 1999 under the Wildlife protection act (WPA), 1972. The Government of India declared Kawal wildlife sanctuary as Tiger Reserve in 2012.

Man-animal conflict: Kawal Tiger Reserve had been witness to numerous instances of man-animal conflict in the recent past. The major factor was due to the shortage of water for the animals inside the reserve, particularly in the summer season. This would lead to wild animals straying into the surrounding human habitations in search of water. The man-animal conflict had adverse impacts on both the wildlife as well as the humans settled in the buffer area of the reserve. There was crop loss, cattle loss and human lives lost in the man-animal conflicts. The humans started viewing the wildlife as a threat to their existence and hence had an adverse impact on the planned conservation activities in the region.

Details: The worrisome man-animal conflict in the Kawal Tiger Reserve (KTR) on account of water seems to be on the decline. There was no incident of wild animals straying into human habitations for water in 2019 and it would hold good for the current season of 2020 too as there is enough water for the wild animals to tide over the harsh summer in the Reserve. Water will be available for a comparatively longer period in natural bodies, attributable mainly to a prolonged monsoon and also the focused efforts of the Reserve management in making water available through artificially created water holes. The construction of artificial water holes focused on huge saucer pits, 5 m in diameter, meant for the large herds of Bisons. 22 such pits have been constructed at strategic locations inside the reserve.

Background: The Kawal Tiger Reserve is located in the Telangana State along the banks of river Godavari, forming part of the Deccan peninsula-central highlands.  The reserve is nestled in the Sahyadri Mountain Ranges, and has diverse habitat comprising of dense forests, grasslands, open areas, rivers, streams and water bodies. The Tiger reserve is a catchment area for the rivers Godavari and Kadam. The reserve is spread over 893 sq km of the core area and also constitutes 1,122 sq km of buffer area adjoining the core area.

Geographically the reserve is situated in the southern-most tip of the Central Indian Tiger Landscape, having linkages with the Tadoba-Andhari (Maharashtra) and Indravati (Chhattisgarh) 1tiger reserves.  Thus, the habitat has tremendous significance for tiger conservation in the region.  It is also a major catchment of river Godavari and local rivulets like Peddavagu and Kadam.

Flora: Biogeographically Kawal falls under the Deccan Plateau Zone (Zone VI).  The forest vegetation of the core has been classified as “Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest: Dry Teak Series and Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forests Series” (Champion and Seth, 1968). Teak is found extensively along with Bamboo.  As many as 673 plant species have been recorded, and the important ones are Anogeissus latifolia, Mitragyna parviflora, Terminalia crenulata, Terminalia arjuna, Boswellia serrata, Sterculia urens, Terminalia belerica, Madhuca indica, Cleistanthus collinus, Lannia coromondilica, Butea monosperma,  Calycopteris floribunda, Zizyphus oenophile and Acacia intisia.  The important grass species include: Heteropogon contortus, Apluda mutica, Saccharum spontaneum, Oplismenus composites, Dicanthium annulatum and Themeda species.  The reserve has considerable weed growth of Cassia tora, Hytis suovalens, Cleome viscosa and Lantana camara.

Fauna: Kawal has a faunal diversity which is typical of the Deccan Plateau.  Zoo-geographically, the reserve comes under the Indo-Malayan region, and the major wild animals include: nilgai, chousinga, chinkara, black buck, sambar, spotted deer, wild dog, wolf, jackal, fox, tiger, leopard and the jungle cat. Besides, there are 23 orders of insects, 10 species of amphibians belonging to three families, viz. Bufonidae, Ranidae and Rhacophoridae; 34 species of reptiles out of which 14 belong to order Testudines, 13 to order Sauria and 7 to order Serpentes.  As many as260 species of avifauna belonging to 18 Genera, 51 families and 75 species of Mammals belonging to the orders of Insectivore (2), Chiroptera (25), Primates (4), Carnivora (17), Artiodactyla (10), Rodentia (15), Lagomorpha (2) are found.

Tiger Status: The reserve has a low tiger density at present but has a tremendous potential as a source area with stepped up protection and habitat amelioration under Project Tiger. 

Core: Kawal has been recently notified as a tiger reserve, with tremendous scope for consolidating the core area vis-à-vis the guidelines of Project Tiger.  The important managerial thrust areas include stepped up protection through reinforced protection infrastructure in the form of patrolling camps, wireless network, foot patrolling and vehicular patrols.  Further, the core area needs to be made inviolate through voluntary relocation of human settlements to foster a viable population of tiger.

Buffer: The buffer has a multiple use agenda to address co-occurrence of wild animals and people. The livelihood options to people are important through ecologically sustainable viable options through sectoral integration.  The wildlife concerns need to be mainstreamed in forestry operations.

Corridor: The Kawal Tiger Reserve has connectivity to the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve of Maharashtra in the North and to the Indravati tiger reserve of Chhattisgarh towards its North-Eastern side. Portions of the Bellampalli territorial division (Kukkudhatti-Ada area) borders Maharashtra.  Likewise, forests of Bijjur and Kagaznagar have connectivity towards the Chapparala Wildlife Sanctuary of Maharashtra leading to Indravati Tiger Reserve (Chhattisgarh).

Managerial Issues: Sand mining, poaching, destruction of teak forests, migratory cattle, vehicular disturbance, lack of water and fodder were major threats in the reserve.  As sand is not available in nearby villages / towns mining of sand was the major issue.  Motivation by political leaders, staff and villages controlled the situation to some extent, however it is a constant threat. The presence of teak and bamboo is a constant threat for habitat destruction due to felling and smuggling. The threats have been controlled due to establishment of base camps in the interior forest areas and deploying strike force and antipoaching squads.  All vehicular traffics are prohibited during 9.00 PM to 6.00 AM in the roads passing through the tiger reserve.  Heavy vehicles of certain categories are prohibited at all times in the roads passing through Kawal Tiger Reserve.

Fire is another managerial issue to be tackled as the entire area is fire prone and burns almost twice in the season.

Regarding habitat improvement, attempts have been made to improve the status of water availability in the reserve by increasing the number of percolation tanks, check dams, by repairing old structures, and repairing the major breached tanks, maintenance of saucers and natural water holes.  Though the rain fall varies between 900 mm to 1100 mm, entire rain water drains into river Godavari within hours due to slope.

55%-60% of area is occupied by Cassia tora, Hyptis suovalens and Lantana camara.  Attempts have made to reduce the dominance to expose the ground and to improve the status of grasses / fodder in the reserve. There are 10-12 villages inside the core area and has huge disturbance which need to be relocated.  This is a Herculean task as the villagers do not understanding the advantages of relocation.  NGO’s intervention is required to motivate people to relocate. Once the villages are relocated the issues of meadows and fodder problem may be solved in addition to making the area inviolate.

The Kawal Tiger reserve is increasingly getting threatened by growing human encroachment, rampant poaching, illegal wood felling, and habitat loss.

Good Practices: Strengthening field protection, tiger monitoring using camera traps and habitat amelioration.